Synopsis This book reveals the so far unknown conditions of elderly women residing in rural and urban areas. The elderly santal women residing in a village in Burdwan District of West Bengal and elderly widows residing in the CMC ward 87 (Kalighat) of Kolkata are subjects of study. Several parametres such as socio-demography, economic condition, family life, health care and living condition, network and contact are taken into consideration. The study shows that change in the traditional set up is the main cause for the misery of the elderly women in both the areas. Suitable recommendations are made for the alleviation of their misery on the basis of the research findings.