Biotechnology emerged as a new research field that arose as a result of the fusion in the late 1970s of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology and traditional industrial microbiology. At its simplest it is the commercial exploitation of living organisms or their components e.g., enzymes. Thus the science formerly known as industrial microbiology clearly falls within the definition of biotechnology and to many they are synonymous. The present publication is prepared by keeping in view the syllabi of several Indian Universities. It provide the students current information on the different areas of Biotechnology. The publication is useful not only to the students but also to the research scholars and academic professionals.