Synopsis The present work by India’s top-notch action anthropologist is the outcome of painstaking field work in different parts of eastern India, specially the main locale of the four tribes the Toto, Lodha, Kheria and the Birhor, those who pursue pre-agricultural economy for their existence. Various welfare measures have already been initiated to bring these groups into the mainstream of Indian life. But in actuality, there are constrains – non-responsiveness on the part of the groups and unplanned thinking by the planners. Thus we find a sorry picture of the whole affairs. Various remedial measures have been suggested in this book which are very helpful to the administrators, planners, social scientists, social workers and others who want to overcome the constraints for the real development of those groups.