Indigenous Peoples are the earliest to occupy the geographical territories on the earth. Their march continued unabated as per the growth in human civilization and they are present in almost every continent. Today, their number is reduced to meager 350 millions, which is at the verge of total extinction. Indigenous Peoples are diverse, rich in bio-diversity and responsible in preserving 80% of the flora and fauna on the earth. They are called indigenous or native to a particular land because they are continuing their relationship with their ancestral lands, irrespective of changes that have occurred over the years. They are alternatively referred as Aboriginal tribes, First Peoples, First Nations, Native peoples, ethnic groups, Janajati and Adivasis. Occupational and geographical terms like hunter-gatherers, hill people, nomads and peasants are also widely used to explain their lives and activities. Indigenous Peoples across the globe are facing serious challenges. Successive colonial and modern governments deprived them of their native lands and identities; they were subjected to forceful evacuations and migrations. Unable to assimilate with the so-called modern world, indigenous groups are in the vicious circle of poverty, illiteracy and ill-health. Though national and international communities are trying to address the problems of the Indigenous Peoples, the neo-liberal policies of capitalistic societies that form the mainstream societies do not let them deliver justice to these forgotten people. First of its kind from Icfai book series, it offers critical discussion on the challenges the Indigenous Peoples are facing, with a hope to find an immediate solution to their troubles.