Synopsis One of the most important and intriguing aspects of plant cell wall ultrastructure is the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils within the wall. Cellulose microfibrils are deposited (or possibly synthesized) at the inner surface of the wall, adjacent to the plasmalemma. They have a particular orientation when deposited. On the other side of the plasmalemma there is a thin layer of microtubules. The orientation of the microtubules in this layer exactly parallels the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils being deposited on the opposite side of the plasmalemma. Disruption of the microtubules affects the orientation of the microfibrils. Present work focuses on the botanical research and their outcomes on the plant cells.