The volume deals with ancient texts on medicine authored by scholars in ancient India in order to examine the contribution of ancient Indian medicine. It is concerned with the textual and cultural history of early classical Indian medicine based on new evidence. The scholarly articles in this volume view transmission of texts as a tradition and study the texts and critical commentaries on them as well. The focus is on ancient texts like the Charakasamhita and commentaries on it including Jajjata’s Nirantarapadavyakhya, Siddha medicine as practised in Tamil Nadu, and texts and physicians of Kerala Ayurveda. They explore the place of logic, debate and epistemology in ancient medical science, throwing light on how medical knowledge was linked to philosophy. They take up the link between medicine, politics and religion.