This is a comprehensive study of the history of surgery in India, focusing on the milestones and developments in surgery since independence. It surveys the state of medical services in the colonial times and at the time of independence has been described in detail. It showcases the contribution of different institutions and hospitals in developing surgery in India. It highlights the role of the pioneering medical institutions in India. It includes a detailed study of development of anaesthesia, cardio thoracic surgery, neurosurgery, endocrine surgery, paediatric surgery and plastic surgery and urology as well as surgical oncology and surgical gastroenterology in the country.