The volume presents some of the papers presented at the 29th annual Conference of Indian Association for the Study of Population held in 2012. The papers focus on themes such as fertility transition and public health challenges in low and high fertility states of India, reproductive and sexual health including maternal health care and HIV/AIDS. With specific reference to Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh, they discuss nutrition and child health particularly knowledge and awareness about newborn care practices, breastfeeding practices, nutritional disadvantage and reducing child mortality especially among tribals and disadvantaged groups. They view human vulnerability, in particular, risk of epidemics hazards, at community and household levels. They examine the present scenario and link them with policy and programme implications.