This is a comprehensive discussion of various technologies and strategies involved in dryland agriculture in India. It views the problems confronted by dryland areas such as poor resources of farmers and degraded soils. It studies aspects relating to soil and water conservation, cropping sequence system, contingent crop planning, agronomic practices, nutrient management and fertilising crops effectively. It throws light on agronomic practices in dryland agriculture, plants’ adaptation to salt and water stress, soil enzymes and crop panning for aberrant weather. It discusses how effective management of the ecosystem in dryland areas can help in increasing productivity.